Surge is caused by over-voltages from switching and lightning transients. IEC 61000-4-5 describes several tests which are intended to evaluate immunity from several natural phenomena and various equipment configurations. The most frequent cause of damage in industrial electronic systems is over-voltages, caused either by switching actions in the equipment itself or by atmospheric discharges such as lightning. This paper will discuss calibrating surge waveforms for single-phase AC/DC power lines. Download to read more!